Lester Ward’s Contributions to American Sociology

Lester Frank Ward was a man of science. Sometimes dubbed as the â€Å"Father of American Sociology† or the â€Å"Social Darwin† Lester Ward was first a botanist and paleontologist. He understood the power of science. Ward wrote Dynamic Sociology and a few other works with the hopes to reinstate the importance of experimentation and the scientific method to sociology. He served as president of the American Sociological Society in 1906 and appointed assistant geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey, a position he held for two years. Born to Justus and Silence on June 18, 1941, young Lester came from very humble beginnings. His parents were very poor and could not afford to send him to school. So, Ward taught himself at home. Even at a young age, Ward displayed exceptional intelligence. He taught himself how to speak different languages, Latin and Greek to name a few. His studies also included mathematics, botany, and geology. Although, he was not at the intellectual level as Comte or Voltaire, he made many contributions to all things social and founded sociology in America. He went on to join the fight against the Rebels in 1862. He was sent home after the Battle of Chancellorsville after being shot three times. While healing from his wounds, he also saw the reality of war which is legalized murder. He realized that the real enemy was ignorance, superstition, and oppression. In college, he felt that if he was a recognized for his work in the natural sciences, then most would listen to him in the field of sociology. He believed that the natural sciences should be the base for social sciences. Ward’s style of writing was known to be brilliant and crystal clear. One might think this stems from his uncanny talent for language. His writings are plain and comprehensible, which is a breath of fresh air for a reader who might not comprehend wordy and difficult styles of writing. Dynamic Sociology is one of Ward’s well known works. The reception at first was not that grand and Ward almost gave up on sociology to focus his energies on botany and geology. It eventually was praised by one of Ward’s toughest critics, Albion W. Small. When Dynamic Sociology was translated into Russian, it caused such a stir in the Russian government that the Czar ordered all copies to be burned in the city square of St. Petersburg in 1891. This is what George Kennan had to say about the book burning: â€Å"I have tried in my humble way to serve the cause of liberty in Russia, but I have not been able to do it with ability enough to get my writings burned. You are evidently a very dangerous man† (Chugerman, 66). Pure Sociology is Ward’s most popular work. The transition in Ward’s views of society from naturalistic to an almost completely cultural view is evident in this work. It got rave reviews overseas but, America was a bit cold towards it. Ward had many minor contributions to sociology, but there are three major contributions that have endure throughout the years. First was the emphasis which Ward placed upon psychic factors in interhuman relations (Chugerman, 3). Ward believed that human intelligence could guide and control wishes, desires, and feelings. Only the human mind can understand a society in which humans live. A good example would be happiness. In Dynamic Sociology, Ward explains that â€Å"happiness in the popular restricted sense is the experiencing of the higher emotional pleasures afforded by the gratification of social, esthetic, moral, and intellectual taste†(Gerver, 7). Ward’s second contribution for the sociologist of today was his â€Å"emphasis upon human achievement as the proper subject matter for sociology† (Chugerman, 3). He did not believe that any species below man was capable of human achievement. This is proof of his different viewpoint previously mentioned. His view of human society was mainly naturalistic, yet here one sees the change to a cultural view. Ward believed that desires and purposes were the foundation of culture that came about by accident at first, but could be morphed into intelligent social purposes. He also states that sociology is the science of that culture. His third major contribution to sociology is his â€Å"passionate affirmation of the possibility of intelligent social progress† (Chugerman, 3). He firmly believed in and pushed for the development of sociology as a science. He believed education was the safest method in which to develop intelligent social progress. Ward’s definition of social progress is the â€Å"increase of happiness of mankind† (Chugerman, 4). Even then, some found this definition insufficient, yet it can’t be denied that Ward built a strong foundation for sociology with his philosophy. Telesis is the theory that through the power of mind, humans can take control of the situation and direct the evolution of human society. A telic society will develop individuals and therefore society as a whole. The higher the individual is develop, the more develop society will be. Progress depends on the achievements. Like Comte, Ward suggested that sociology should use the cientific method of the natural sciences. Ward’s constructed his synthetic method from Comte’s idea of synthesis and believed that science has no problems that cannot be solved. The core of the synthetic method â€Å"is the law of causality, the magnetic pole which keeps the mind within the bounds of reason† (Chugerman, 100). To ignore this means to go back to metaphysics, where anything is possible and things happen without a cause. Ward’s philosophy as the love of wisdom is the ideal behind his sociocracy. Science keeps the philosopher grounded and not to fly off into mistaken the supernatural for reality. Science alone is the base of all philosophy† (Chugerman, 94). Ward also believed that philosophy is a branch of the scientific method. From philosophy as synthesis rises science-philosophy. Science and philosophy go hand in hand and Ward believed that â€Å"only a scientist can become a true philosopher† (Chugerman, 95). Ward became an advocate for women’s rights. Most sociologists disagreed with his theory that women were superior to men. Ward questioned how the mother of race came to be at such an inferior state and wh at forces has shaped them. He stated that â€Å"male superiority was a fallacy and a result of tradition and prejudice† (Chugerman, 380). Ward’s sex theories were opposed by both sexes and had a small following. One female write, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, dedicated her work, The Man-Made World, to Ward. Ward was a champion for the equality of all races and classes. He believed that this could only be achieved through universal education. He fervently opposed eugenics, the study and practice of selective breeding applied to humans, with the aim of improving the species. Charlotte Gillman strongly agreed with this movement and Ward harshly criticized her for it. Lester Ward passed away in the year 1913 at age 72. Ward was an eccentric man and had few friends. The few eulogies given by his friends remembered a man who fought relentlessly for human freedom and equality. Sadly, the majority of the public only saw him as an old professor. Only those closest to him put him in the same rank as Comte or Huxley. His love for the common people and hard work secures his place in 20th century America.

Cultural Diversity in Music and its positive and negative effects on Society Essay

American music is a melting pot of various genres of music. From the times when the country was colonized American music has come a long way. Rock and Roll, Hip-hop, Rhythm and Blues, Jazz and Country are among the internationally renowned genres. The more indigenous genres include Gospel, Louisiana tejoles, and Hawaiian music and American Folk music. Music intertwines with various aspects of American identity such as race, ethnicity, gender and social class. Of these race is perhaps the biggest driver of any particular genre of music. Hip-hop, jazz, soul and R&B have long been considered as an African –American tradition as has the country music genre been the tradition of whites in America. The mixing of cultures from has permeated popular culture in an unprecedented fashion. Because of its crossover appeal, music is a great unifier of diverse populations. It has gone from the fringes, to the suburbs, and into the corporate boardrooms. Over the last forty or fifty years music has been one of the biggest influential factors in teenage society. So, there’s no problem in assuming that our present adult society is built with some of the ideas taken from the music industry of the yesteryears. Positive Effects: Music in America has and continues to play a very positive role in the society. The emergence of folk music during the 20th century, and particularly the rise of popular folk music of the 1960’s, is probably the best example of music affecting society. The Civil Rights Movement was in full swing and the largely unpopular war in Vietnam was well underway. Folk music is, inherently, music played and sung by and for everyday people—music for the masses, so to speak. Naturally, when a culture becomes aware of radical changes that awareness gives way through expression. Folk singer and songwriter Woody Guthrie began writing â€Å"protest music† and songs in support of popular movements of the day. Other folk singers such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez followed suit. For the first time, music was not only a vehicle for expression, but it was also a way to mobilize and inspire listeners to think differently and take action. Country music typically embodied idealistic thinking, shunning capitalism and material comforts. It is about everyday people doing everyday things-the bars they go to, the people they have lost, their dreams, their loves, and their friends. Country gives people something to relate to besides urban hip-hop, rap, heavy metal, and pop. As far as society as a whole, for the most part country singers are considered fairly wholesome-they aren’t in the tabloids for drugs and explicitly wanton behavior (not saying they don’t & they are all perfect! ) but their images tend to be cleaner than musicians belonging to other genres so it gives the younger generations people to look up to. Both Hip-Hop and R&B have impacted society in many ways, mainly well. R&B and Hip-Hop have, in their own way, addressed the challenges of African-American individuals, provided help and strength, and left an impact that has been widely debated throughout the years. Many people equate gangsta rap and other isolated artists or songs with all rap and, even worse, Hip-hop in general. This is a huge fallacy because 90% of rap is either something that helps society or at least something that doesn’t hurt it. Consider, for example, feminist rap. Feminist rap goes against any misogyny in other types of rap and forces society – especially men who objectify women—to take a step back and see that what is going on in the cases of gangsta rap is wrong. Another example of a form of rap that helps society is political rap. Political rap from artists such as Public Enemy encourage the black community to stand up for their rights and to become politically active so that they do not get taken advantage of. Rock musicians too have sometimes attempted to address social issues directly as commentary or as calls to action. During the Vietnam War the first rock protest songs were heard, inspired by the songs of folk musicians such as Woody Guthrie and Bob Dylan, which ranged from abstract evocations of peace Peter, Paul, and Mary’s â€Å"If I Had a Hammer† to blunt anti-establishment diatribes Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young’s â€Å"Ohio†. Other musicians, notably John Lennon and Yoko Ono, were vocal in their anti-war sentiment both in their music and in public statements Negative Effects: The introduction of rock and roll music in the 1950’s brought with it the fear that its lyrics and new rhythms would adversely affect young listeners. That fear has carried over into the twenty-first century, but now the criticism is focused primarily on heavy metal and rap. It has been suggested that the lyrics in these types of music promote aggression, bigotry, deviant sexual activity, suicide, violence, drug use, and homicide. This issue also arises in the field of medicine. The American Academy of Pediatrics fears that rock lyrics are potential threats to the health and well being of adolescents. These concerns include pregnancy, drug use, sexually transmitted diseases, accidents, and suicide. Rap music is infamous for its inflammatory remarks towards women. Thus the two most popular forms of music for adolescents revolve around themes of disrespect and sexual imagery. Furthermore, the effects music lyrics have on mood, suicidal ideation, aggression, and stereotyping have been questioned. The massive popularity and worldwide scope of rock and roll resulted in an unprecedented level of social impact. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language in a way few other social developments have equaled. From its beginnings, rock and roll has been associated with youth, rebellion, and anti-establishment. The blend of black influences, suggestive lyrics, and wild response by the younger set made rock and roll appalling and threatening to the older generation. The ability to shock the elders in turn became part of the appeal of the music to young generations. The rock and roll lifestyle was popularly known as being associated with sex and drugs. Many of rock and roll’s early stars (as well as their jazz and blues counterparts) were known as hard-drinking, hard-living characters; during the 1960s a decadent rock lifestyle became more publicly known, aided by the growth of the underground rock press which documented such excesses, often in exploitative fashion. Conclusion: The impact of American music on society is definitely a positive one. An artist’s music can be positive through lyrics by saying all the things the person listening wants to say. It can also inspire other people to do good things such as the song Imagine by the Beatles. Music enhances creativity. Writers block, it is said, can be cured by a bout of music listening. Although there has been a great deal of negativity that has centered on music, the positive far outweighs the negative. The negative effects of some genres of music, which are the commercialization of music, the loss of creative edge, and the sex, violence and misogyny, are over shadowed by positive effects like political awareness, societal awareness, anti-sexism, and racial awareness. References: 1. How Music Affects Society http://www. musicguidebook. com/articles/how-music-affects-society 2. Cultural Diversity in Music http://www. areditions. com/rr/index/set_musa. html 3. Effect of Rap and Heavy metal http://library. wcsu. edu/dspace/bitstream/0/35/1/tropeano. pdf

Conflict in the Workplace - 2269 Words

Workplace conflict is a specific type conflict that occurs in the workplace. Conflict can arise anywhere, anytime, by any given person. Workplaces are already stressful enough before conflict contributes to its share of stress. Long hours, hierarchical structure of the organization and unrealistic expectations are just a few of a dozen of factors that help shape the conflict that arises in the workplace. There are many different types of conflict that occur in the workplace. The five most common are as follows: 1. Interdependence Conflict: A person relies on someone else’s co-operation, output, or input in order for them to get their job done. Ex: Jacob, a salesperson, is always late inputting monthly sales figures, which causes†¦show more content†¦* Demographic: As mentioned before, these kids are from all over the state-rarely more than one from the same area-so they may get picked on for coming from a â€Å"country† or â€Å"ghetto† area. Also, it’s quite often that conflict arises because one client is defending his affiliation or so called â€Å"gang† while in the presence of a rival affiliation. They argue over who’s hometown is better and shockingly enough, who has the hottest girlfriend. * Phase Levels: Our program is broken down into 6 levels. The first 14 earned days, a client is on Phase One-Orientation. On this phase, c lients are not allowed to leave the facility to participate in any outings or activities, due to AWOL risk. Usually, learning of the schedule, rules, and names distracts clients from severe misbehavior in the beginning. We refer to this as â€Å"the honeymoon†. The next phase level is Exploration, which also requires 14 days earned (you earn days by having â€Å"0† incidences throughout both 1st and 2nd shifts) and good behavior for advancement to Phase 3; Discovery. This phase requires 28 days earned and good behavior for advancement to Phase 4-Reclaiming. This offers extra phone calls, a later bedtime and a few other perks that can motivate clients to reach this level. Expansion, Phase 5, also requires 28 days and the perks of Reclaiming, but it is the only phase that allows clientsShow MoreRelatedConflict in the Workplace1641 Words   |  7 Pagesget along on a daily basis. There’s going to be conflicts in every environment especially in the workplace. Confl ict is a typical phenomenon of people’s relationship in workplace. Conflict is a fact of life. Conflict is hard to define because every situation is different in every different workplace. Conflict is a job not easily handled, and it can be really destructive if not properly taken care of. The Webster’s Dictionary (2001) defines conflict as a battle; clash; or a disagreement of ideas,Read MoreConflict in the Workplace675 Words   |  3 PagesConflict in the Workplace Introduction The business world is highly competitive from every perspective; competition for office space, virtual space, markets, customers, clients and with colleagues. It is the responsibility of people working together in their day to day business transactions to have finely tuned interpersonal skills, knowledge and experience to ensure that they achieve the best possible outcomes for themselves and their employers. In environments such as these, conflicts, argumentsRead MoreConflict in the Workplace3573 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract Interpersonal conflicts in the workplace are very common because they inevitably arise when groups or teams perform. This essay critically discusses the view that these conflicts can in certain circumstances be a positive factor in improving the individual performance. The approach used to address this issue is a combination of literature review and interviews of employees working at the chosen business, which is the PTA GmbH. T he four levels of conflict in the workplace and the explanationRead MoreConflicts Within The Workplace Conflict1405 Words   |  6 PagesWhile conflict is a part of social relationships, there are many conflicts that are escalated beyond the normal day-to-day interactive conflicts. Day-to-day interactive conflicts such as disagreeing about what to cook for dinner or when to mow the lawn are inevitable and for the most part, relatively easy to negotiate. However, more serious conflicts arise during the course of daily living as well: in which religion to raise children if parents come from differing ideological backgrounds or how muchRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Workplace1838 Words   |  8 PagesConflict and knowing how to resolve the conflict are necessary in today’s workforce. 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TheyRead MoreEssay on Workplace Conflict736 Words   |  3 PagesWorkplace Conflicts between Team Members Conflict between team members will happen in the workplace because the fact that there will have an environment where decisions are made and personality clashes will occur. This doesn’t mean you have an unproductive workforce, it means you will have to be able to catch the problem early and know what to do with each individual case. 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In this paper we will look at both the negative and positive impact of conflict in the workplace. Conflict is opposition or antagonism toward other individuals or things (Hegar, Human Relations at Work, pg 480). For example, if your co-worker was given an award for outstanding work performance but you feel that you were more deserving of the awardRead MoreConflict resolution in the workplace800 Words   |  4 PagesConflict resolution in the workplace Introduction Conflict is a fact in any relationship including the work area. Still, it is important to emphasize that some conflicts should not be seen as good or bad, they are just differences. Many times when there are disagreements between players these issues are left on the table without giving much emphasis. Unfortunately some of these conflicts have reached a level that ends in a physical altercation. When things get out of proportion, the sports psychologist

The Labor Theory Of Value - 1696 Words

The labor theory of value is an economic theory first proposed by Adam Smith that states that the value of a good or service is determined by the labor it takes to create the product under normal circumstances. Furthermore, supply and demand do not affect value, only price. An economist and philosopher named Karl Marx believes this theory proves that capitalism is inherently exploitative of the working class. Every person has labor power, or the ability to work. However, labor power is fueled by external resources (such as food, water, clothing, and transportation to the workplace) which all have value as well, so when an individual s work is more valuable than that sustenance, surplus value generates. Surplus value will benefit the business rather than the laborer, therefore Marx believed capitalism is inherently exploitative. Additionally, he thought that capitalistic society is made up of classes that are bound to struggle--consequentially, that this would lead a state to naturall y shift into communism. Nonetheless, this theory is not commonly accepted; marginalism is the belief that not only the labor used in manufacturing affects its value, but the marginal utility--the overall satisfaction from the good or service. There is a multitude of other opposing theories and criticisms of Marx s beliefs. There are many different systems of economics, but if Marx s logic were consistent, each of them would be exploitative. Capitalism, the least because the working class hasShow MoreRelatedThe Marxist Labor Theory Of Value1174 Words   |  5 Pagesthis claim, the Marxist Labor Theory of Value, to be the economic equivalent to the flat earth theory. 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Adam Smith focused his theories on the role of enlightened self-interest led by an invisible hand or incorrectly the invisible guiding hand, and the role of specialisation in promoting the efficiency of capital accumulation. Some proponents of capitalism emphasize the role of free markets, which, they claim, promote freedom and democracy. For many, capitalism hinges on the extension into a global dimensionRead MoreAdam Smiths Theory Of Classical Theory And Natural Law956 Words   |  4 Pageslater works. In this section, I will explore the different relationship of natural law with Classical thought, specifically in relation to wealth and utility. I assert that the division of labor acted as a form of natural law for this period. Beginning with Adam Smith, his work Wealth of Nations, this division of labor arises â€Å"Not due to human wisdom, but the necessary slow and gradual consequence of the propensity of human nature to barter and exchange one thing for another. 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But at what cost of these workers, what of the surplus or rather byproduct of labor that workers create for capitalists to make economic profit of the workers? Their labor-cost, according to nineteenth century German economistRead MoreCapitalism and Proletariats945 Words   |  4 Pages Critiques of social contract theories abound, even including criticisms from social contract theorists themselves, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau. John Locke’s social contract theory remains one of the prominent theories to this day, and includes the idea that a thing owned in common can be obtained by adding one’s labor to it. Critics of social contract theories aren’t simply seeking to negate the theories of social contract theories, but in many cases are seeking to enhance them and show howRead MoreThe Relations Between Producers And Capitalist Society Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesand commodities, people think that they have mystical powers, but the powers come from us from own creative labor. If we take a look inside a workplace it could be any place of work a capitalist factory, a peasant commune, or a family farm, the relations between different workers are direct, you make a widget and hand it directly to the next person. If something needs to change by the labor process, someone brings workers together and says now we will organize things differently. The organizationRead MoreThe Decline in the Rate of Unemployment Is Due to Adverse Factors in the United States Economy1360 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the Wall Street Journal dated September 6th 2013, an article titled, ‘Unemployment Drops for the Wrong Reasons’ describes how unemployment has dropped in the United States based on the latest Bureau of Labor Statistics population survey. According to Izzo (2013), there was a drop in unemployment rate to 7.3% by 0.1% in August 2013. This was coupled with a drop of broader measure of unemployment by 0.3% to 13.7%. On closer scrutiny, the drop in unemployment came from wrong reasons

Moral Dilemmas Of My Life - 901 Words

I have faced many moral dilemmas in my life thus far in which I had to make tough decisions that to this day I hope allowed for the best possible outcome. However, for the purpose of this paper I would like to reflect on one of someone else s moral dilemmas. I first knew Denman in the Army while we were training in Germany for a deployment to Iraq in 2005. One day Denman had received the tragic news that his aunt had suddenly passed away. He had a very close relationship with his aunt who played a significant role in raising him. He knew that moment that he needed to be with his family in mourning and for the funeral. Denman pleaded to his chain of command for him to go home, but they ultimately told him no because she was not his immediate family (per Army rules and regulations). He then had two possible choices he could make, both of which held negative consequences. On one hand, he could go home on his own to be there with his family for their sake and also his. With this he would miss valuable deployment training, face a variety of possible punishments for going against direct orders, and him being considered Absent Without Leave (AWOL). On the other hand, he could obey his orders and not go home. The negative consequences of this would include him not being focused on the training because of his grief, feelings of regret and shame for not being with his family, and possible feelings of resentment and abandonment towards him from his family. In other words, he couldShow MoreRelatedMoral Dilemm Right Vs Right Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pages Moral Dilemma Right versus right moral dilemma causes conflict which is recognized in the two cases and each case, a person considers themselves as having moral intentions. The moral dilemma is about an attorney’s emotional conflict with his professional obligations. â€Å"A right versus right situation occurs when one is faced with an urgent and intricate situation that makes you make choices about your integrity and moral character† (Badaracco Jr., 2009). The essential features of a moral dilemmaRead MoreEthical Dilemma And Ethical Dilemmas Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pages Dilemmas are something individuals deal with daily, in our society. What is the difference between an ethical dilemma, and an ethical issue? Essentially an ethical dilemma, is a situation individuals faces, where the course of action, or decision, which is to come, is challenging to make, due to the potential consequences involved with making that decision (Pollock, 2015). An ethical issue, revolves around difficult social questions, which regard what is the right or wrong thing to do (PollockRead MoreMoral Philosophy And Its Strength And Weaknesses1350 Words   |  6 PagesA system of moral principles is a definition of ethics in a culture or a group. Principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong are one definition of moral. In this essay, I will search for my principles and how I ought to live my life. What do I believe in and how do I apply this in my duty as a human being, as a father, husband and a military officer. In other words, I will search for my moral philosophy. Furthermore, I will explain my moral philosophy and itsRead MoreMy Professional Moral Compass730 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: MY PROFESSIONAL MORAL COMPASS My Professional Moral Compass Pamela Chesnut Grand Canyon University Ethical Decision Making in Health Care NRS 437V July 26, 2012 My Professional Moral Compass A professional moral compass is something everyone has and lives by. It helps assist in making decisions and is based on morals or virtues. My personal moral compass is directed by various inspirations, passions, and values that I try to live by. Compassion, loyaltyRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma Experienced Personally1341 Words   |  6 PagesAn ethical dilemma experienced personally I am a full time student, while doing part time job at gas station as a cashier cum customer service representative. My job responsibilities are usually help customer and take the necessary payments from customers. 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Technological Developments in Indian Banking Sector Essay Sample free essay sample

The beginning of Banking in the modern epoch is traced in Italy. Banking is a concern like any other concern. banking sector topographic point a important function in development of Indian Economy. So. Banks need to hold engineering to better their productiveness and efficiency. to supply faster and better services to the clients. Technology enables the Bankss to lend more for overall growing and development of the state. After Industrial Revolution. Financial establishments including Banks have used Information Technology to accomplish desired degree of efficiency and to maximise the profitableness. IT improves the front terminal operations with back terminal and helps in conveying down the dealing costs for the clients. Electronic Fund Transfer ( EFT ) . Automatic Teller Machines ( ATMs ) . Telephone Banking. Home Banking. Credit Card installation. Internet Banking etc. are most utile technological progresss for banking sector to function clients efficaciously now a yearss. So. the effectual usage of engineering has multiplier consequence on growing and development. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Developments in Indian Banking Sector Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The bank of Venice. founded in 1157. was the first public banking Institution. The Bank of Barcelona and the Bank of Genoa wee established in 1401 and 1407 severally. The Banking companies Act-1949 of India defines bank as – â€Å"A Bank is a fiscal Institution which accepts money from the populace for the intent of loaning or Investment repayable on demand or otherwise backdown by checks. bill of exchanges or order or otherwise. † Technological Development in Banks After the industrial revolution. the information revolution has been hailed as the most important development in this state. Fiscal Institutions including Banks have used Information Technology to manage big volumes of concern with the coveted degree of efficiency and maximising profitabilility of operations. IT improves the front terminal operations with back terminal and helps in conveying down the dealing costs for the clients. Some of import events are Arrival of card-based payments – Debit. Credit Card late 1980 and 1990s. Introduction of Electronic glade Services ( ECS ) in late ninetiess. Introduction of Electronic Fund Transfer ( EFT ) in early 2000s. Introduction of RTGS in March 2004. Introduction of National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT ) as a replacing to Electronic Fund Transfer/Special Electronic Fund Transfer in 2005/06. Computerization in BanksAmong the entire figure of Public Sector Bank subdivisions. 98 % are to the full computerized at the terminal March 2011. Table 1: Computerization in Public Sector Banks |Category |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Fully Computerized Branches ( % ) |85. 6 |93. 7 |95. 0 |97. 8 |98 | Automated Clearing House ( ACH )The ACH system is the primary Electronic Fundss Transfer ( EFT ) system used by bureaus to do payments. and the Financial Management service anticipates the bureaus progressively will utilize the ACH system to roll up financess. ACH processes big figure of Debit and Credit minutess in batches. National Automated Clearing House Association ( NACHA ) The National Automated Clearing House Association ( NACHA ) governs the Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) web. a system that allow Banks and Financial Institutions to treat direct debits. electronic checks and direct sedimentations. NACHA formulates concern patterns and runing regulations to maintain ACH and electronic banking secure. efficient and dependable. FEDACH is the Federal Reserve’s centralized application package used to treat ACH minutess. Electronic Clearing Service ( ECS ) ECS is an electronic manner of payment ; it facilitates bulk transportation of money from one Bank history to many Bank histories or Vice versa.There are two discrepancies of ECS- ECS Credit and ECS Debit. 1. ECS ( Credit ) : It is used for raising debits to a figure of histories of consumer/account holders for crediting a peculiar establishment. 2. ECS ( Debit ) : It is utile for payment of telephone. electricity. H2O measures. revenue enhancement aggregations. loan installment refunds etc. Table 2: European union minutess in Rs. Crores. |Item/Year |2008-09 |2009-10 |2010-11 |2011-12 | |ECS Credit |97. 487 |1. 17. 833 |1. 80. 000 |2. 51. 494 | |ECS Debit |66. 796 |69. 819 |70. 000 |80. 000 | National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT )National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT ) is an on-line system for reassigning financess of Indian Financial Institution ( particularly loans ) . This installation is used chiefly to reassign financess below Rs. 2. 00. 000/- . The NEFT system in India lives with consequence from 21st November 2005. Electronic Fund Transfer ( EFT ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( EFT ) is the electronic exchange. transportation of money from one history to another. either with a individual Financial Institution or across multiple Institutions. through computing machine based systems. Table3: EFT/NEFT minutess in Rs. Crores. |Item/Year |2008-09 |2009-10 |2010-11 |2011-12 | |EFT/NEFT |2. 51. 956 |4. 11. 088 |9. 40. 000 |17. 90. 000 | Card games MinutessDebit card is a fictile card which provides an alternate payment method for hard currency when doing minutess. Debit card is chiefly used for hard currency withdraw from ATM. at point of sale ( Pos ) . on the cyberspace for on-line purchase. paying measures etc. From first January2011. RBI declared that for every dealing with debit card on ATM user has to come in watchword. Table 4: Card based payment Transaction Value ( Rupees in Crores ) |Item/Year |2008-09 |2009-10 |2010-11 |2011-12 | |Credit Cards |61. 356 |62. 950 |80. 000 |1. 00. 000 | |Debit Cards |18. 547 |26. 566 |40. 000 |50. 000 | Automated Teller MachinesEven though ATM originally developed for hard currency dispenses. now it includes many other bank related maps like financess transfer. buying on-line merchandises. Train tickets reserves etc. Table 5: Growth in the ATM installing |Year |2007-08 |2008-09 |2009-10 |2010-11 | |No. of ATMs. |34. 547 |43. 651 |62. 600 |79. 000 | Real Time Gross Settlement ( RTGS )RTGS is financess transportation system where transportation of money or securities takes topographic point from on Bank to another on a existent clip and on gross footing. Once processed. payments are concluding and irrevokable. BANK Internet Bank cyberspace is a cyberspace based communicating web. It provides velocity of Financial Transactions. BANKNET is setup in 1991by the RBI. this is meant to ease transportation of inter-bank ( and inter –branches ) messages within India by Public Sector Banks who are members of this web. Mobile Banking: Mobile Banking ( besides known as M-Banking. mbanking. smsbanking etc. ) is a term used for executing balance cheques. history minutess. payments. recognition applications etc via nomadic device such as a Mobile or Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA ) . Decision Use of Technology in spread outing Banking is one of the cardinal focal point countries of Banks. IT helps for the Banks to supply better client service and to better their ain internal procedures. Efficient usage of engineering can cut down the personal interactions of clients with Banks has facilitated clip direction. By planing and offering simple. safe and unafraid engineering. Bankss reach at door measure of client with delight client satisfaction.

Scott Joplin Essays (298 words) - Music, Rags, Ragtime,

Scott Joplin In the late 1890's ; a craze for a new kind of music called ragtime swept the country off it's feet. Instant popularity of ragtime increased before the turn of the century. By 1910, the "ragtime" mania reached its peak in all elements of music: popular dance, theater, and movie music. Scott Joplin was a young black man that mastered and polish this subtle art. Born in Texarkana, Texas on November 29, 1868, Scott became facinated with the piano at an early age and was mentored by a old german teacher that took him in as a pupil. Scott's style of piano playing stress his smooth singing tone and subtle sense of rhythm. Scott has the tendency to turn melodic lines into delicate and but simple notes. Generally all of his pieces share the customary ragtime layout and composition of a pair of contrasting lines, each repeated and followed by the return to the first line, then a new section consisting of two or three repeated lines emerge and is usually subdominant. In Scott's piece the "Magnetic Rag". The reappearance of the orginal theme at the close of the piece, shares a shocking likeness to Beethoven's famous reoccuring "I am Death Theme". In the "Magnetic Rag", the return of the opening theme at the end of the piece creates a rondo-like structure with a scheme ABCDA, with the outer A section and the central C section stands in tonal harmony. This can be compared to his other famous pieces of work "Maple Leaf Rag" and "The Entertainer" which all exercise the reappearing theme that shows a tendency to round out by always returning to the home key. "Magnetic Rag" was the last piece that Scott completed. It was subtitled : syncopation classiques because of his wonderful blend of syncopation on every up-beat and mad-cow improvisations tailored to sound like European dance music that influenced early ragtime.